Pharma Easy Notes @Pharmacy

📌 Introduction The Limit Test of Nitrate is performed to ensure that nitrate impurities present in inorganic substances are within acceptable limits. Excess nitrate is harmful and may alter chemical properties of drugs. This test is important in Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry (B.Pharm – 1st Year) . 🎯 Purpose (Aim) To perform the Limit Test of Nitrate as per IP and compare the amount of nitrate impurity in the sample with the standard solution. 🧪 Principle Nitrate reacts with brucine (an alkaloid) in presence of sulphuric acid , producing a yellow to reddish brown color . If sample contains nitrate impurity → stronger color form If nitrate is within limit → sample color ≤ standard color 👉 Color comparison = Result of limit test 🧫 Reagents Required Reagent Purpose Brucine Solution Color development Concentrated Sulphuric Acid Reaction medium Sample Solution Test solution Standard Nitrate Solution Comparison Distilled Water Dilution 🧪 Apparatus Used Nessl...

  🌟 DRUG OF THE DAY: METFORMIN (The Most Common Anti-Diabetic Drug!) If you’re a pharmacy student, today’s Drug of the Day will strengthen your therapeutics + viva + exam preparation. Let’s learn Metformin in a clean, crisp, high-yield format 👇 🔬 Introduction Metformin is the first-line oral anti-diabetic drug used mainly in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus . It belongs to the class Biguanides and is known for controlling blood sugar without causing weight gain . 💊 Category Anti-Diabetic Drug (Biguanide) 🧪 Chemical Structure (Simple representation for students) C₄H₁₁N₅ — Contains: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen ⚙️ Mechanism of Action (MOA) Metformin works through three key mechanisms : 1️⃣ Decreases hepatic glucose production (↓ gluconeogenesis) 2️⃣ Increases insulin sensitivity in muscles 3️⃣ Reduces intestinal glucose absorption 👉 Overall: It lowers blood sugar without affecting insulin secretion. 💉 Therapeutic Uses ✔ Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ✔ Polycystic Ov...

 📅 Day 5 – PharmaEasyNotes | Your Daily Dose of Drug Knowledge 🔹 Introduction Ciprofloxacin is a second-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic widely used to treat bacterial infections . It’s powerful against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and is often prescribed for urinary tract infections (UTIs) , respiratory infections , and skin infections . 💬 Quick Fact: Ciprofloxacin was discovered in the 1980s and remains one of the most prescribed antibiotics worldwide! 🧪 Chemical Information Parameter Details Generic Name Ciprofloxacin Chemical Name 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinoline carboxylic acid Drug Class Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic Molecular Formula C₁₇H₁₈FN₃O₃ Molecular Weight 331.34 g/mol IUPAC Name 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid ⚙️ Mechanism of Action (MOA) Ciprofloxacin inhibits the bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymes — both are essential for DNA replication...

  🧪 Limit Test of Arsenic – Principle, Procedure, Reaction, and Viva Questions 🔹 Aim: To carry out the Limit Test for Arsenic as per the Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) standards. 🔹 Principle: The limit test for arsenic is based on the formation of a yellow stain when arsine gas (AsH₃), generated from arsenic in the sample, reacts with mercuric chloride paper . The intensity of the yellow stain produced is compared with a standard to determine if the sample meets the permissible limit. 🔹 Apparatus Required: Arsenic Test Apparatus (Arsenic Test Bottle) Glass Tube with a narrow end Mercuric Chloride Paper Nessler Cylinder (2) for comparison 🔹 Chemicals Required: Arsenic-free zinc granules Lead acetate solution Hydrochloric acid Potassium iodide Stannous chloride Standard arsenic solution Water 🔹 Reaction Involved: Reduction of Arsenic compound: A s 2 O 3 + 6 Z n + 12 H C l → 2 A s H 3 + 6 Z n C l 2 + 3 H 2 O As_2O_3 + 6Zn + 12HCl → ...

  🧪 Limit Test for Lead (Heavy Metals) Subject: Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Experiment Type: Qualitative Analysis Aim: To carry out the Limit Test for Lead in a given sample using dithizone reagent and to ensure that lead impurities are within the permissible limit as per I.P. standards. ✨ Principle Lead (Pb²⁺) in solution reacts with dithizone (diphenylthiocarbazone) in chloroform. A pink to violet color develops if lead is present. The intensity of color in the sample is compared with that of a standard lead solution. If the test solution shows less or no color compared to the standard, the sample passes the test. Reaction: P b 2 + + D i t h i z o n e ⟶ L e a d - D i t h i z o n a t e   C o m p l e x ( P i n k / V i o l e t ) Pb^{2+} + Dithizone \longrightarrow Lead\text{-}Dithizonate\ Complex (Pink/Violet) P b 2 + + D i t hi zo n e ⟶ L e a d - D i t hi zo na t e   C o m pl e x ( P ink / Vi o l e t ) ⚗️ Materials Required Test sample ...

💊 Drug of the Day – 4 : Amoxicillin 📅 Series: Drug of the Day (PharmaEasyNotes) 📖 Category: Pharmacology | Antibiotics 🔹 Introduction Amoxicillin is a broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic belonging to the penicillin group . It is one of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics worldwide due to its high efficacy, oral bioavailability, and safety profile . 🔹 Structure 🧪 Amoxicillin is a semi-synthetic derivative of ampicillin with an added hydroxyl group. 🔹 Mechanism of Action (MOA) Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis Binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) Prevents peptidoglycan cross-linking Leads to cell lysis and bacterial death 👉 It is bactericidal in action. 🔹 Pharmacokinetics Absorption: Well absorbed orally Distribution: Wide distribution, including respiratory tract, middle ear, urine Metabolism: Partial hepatic metabolism Excretion: Renal excretion (mainly unchanged drug) 🔹 Uses / Indications ✅ Respiratory tract infe...

📌 Aim: To carry out the limit test for heavy metals present in pharmaceutical substances as an impurity. 🎯 Principle The test is based on the reaction of heavy metals (like lead) with hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in an acidic medium, producing a brownish-black coloration of metal sulfides . The intensity of this color is compared with a standard lead solution prepared simultaneously. 🧰 Materials Required Nessler cylinders Test sample solution Standard lead solution (Pb²⁺) Dilute acetic acid Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) water or thioacetamide reagent 🧪 Procedure Take the sample solution in a Nessler cylinder. Add dilute acetic acid to adjust the pH. Add a few drops of thioacetamide reagent (or pass H₂S gas) . Prepare a standard solution of lead in another Nessler cylinder. Keep both cylinders side by side for comparison. 🔬 Reaction Involved P b 2 + + H 2 S    →    P b S ↓    ( b r o w n i s h − b l a c k p r e c i p i t a t e ) Pb^{2+} + H_2S \; \...