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  📘 Medicinal Chemistry – Lecture 3: Antibiotics (Antibacterial Drugs) By PharmaEasyNotes 💙 🔹 Introduction When we get fever, infection, or wounds 🤒 Doctor gives us… Antibiotics 💊 👉 Antibiotics = Drugs that kill or stop bacteria They: ✔️ Treat infections ✔️ Save lives ✔️ Control bacteria growth ⚠️ They do NOT work on viruses (cold, flu). 🔹 What is Bacteria? Bacteria → Enter Body ↓ Multiply ↓ Cause Infection 👉 Antibiotics stop this process. 🔹 Mechanism of Action (Easy Flowchart) Antibiotics ↓ Attack Bacteria ↓ Cell Wall / Protein / DNA Damage ↓ Bacteria Die ↓ Patient Gets Better 😌 🔹 Main Targets of Antibiotics Target Action Cell Wall Break wall → Kill bacteria Protein Stop growth DNA Stop multiplication Metabolism Block energy 🔹 Classification (Flowchart Style) Antibiotics | -------------------------------- | | | | Penicillin Cephalo Tetra Macrolide | | | | Amoxicillin Cefixime D...

📘 Medicinal Chemistry – Lecture 2: NSAIDs (Painkiller Drugs) Easy Notes + Student-Friendly + High Engagement Style By PharmaEasyNotes 💙 🎯 Lecture Objective After this lecture, students will be able to: ✅ Understand how pain occurs ✅ Know how painkillers work ✅ Learn about NSAIDs ✅ Write proper exam answers 🔹 Introduction (Simple Way) Think 🤔 You have a headache, toothache, or body pain… What do you take first? 👉 A painkiller tablet 💊 These painkillers are called NSAIDs . NSAIDs = Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs They: ✔️ Reduce pain ✔️ Reduce fever ✔️ Reduce swelling ✔️ Are not steroids 🔹 How Does Pain Occur? Injury / Infection ↓ Release of Prostaglandins ↓ Pain + Swelling + Fever 👉 Prostaglandins are chemicals that cause pain and inflammation. 🔹 Mechanism of Action (Easy Flowchart) NSAIDs → Block COX Enzyme ↓ Prostaglandins ↓ ↓ Pain & Fever ↓ ✔️ NSAIDs inhibit the COX enzyme ✔️ Less prostaglandin is formed ✔️ P...

📌 Introduction Antihistaminic drugs are medicines that block the action of histamine, a chemical released during allergic reactions. Histamine causes: 👉 Sneezing, itching, redness 👉 Swelling, watery eyes 👉 Increased gastric acid secretion To control these effects, antihistamines are used in allergy and acid-related disorders. 🧬 What is Histamine? Histamine is a biogenic amine stored in mast cells and basophils. It acts on receptors: H1 → Allergy symptoms H2 → Acid secretion H3, H4 → CNS & immune system (less common in syllabus) 👉 In medicinal chemistry, mainly H1 & H2 blockers are studied. 📊 Classification of Antihistaminic Drugs (Flowchart) Antihistaminic Drugs                          |           --------------------------------           |                              | ...

💊 Drug of the Day: Pantoprazole Category: Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) Used For: Acidity, GERD, Ulcers, Acid Reflux Route: Oral / Injection Prescription Status: Prescription Medicine 📌 Introduction Pantoprazole is a widely used anti-ulcer and anti-acidity medicine. It works by reducing excess acid production in the stomach, helping in the treatment of acid-related disorders. It is commonly prescribed in patients suffering from heartburn, gastric ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). ⚙️ Mechanism of Action Pantoprazole belongs to the Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) class. 👉 It works by: Blocking the H⁺/K⁺ ATPase enzyme in stomach cells Reducing gastric acid secretion Maintaining stomach pH ✔️ Result: Less acid → Less irritation → Faster healing 🩺 Indications (Uses) Pantoprazole is used in: ✅ GERD (Acid Reflux) ✅ Peptic Ulcer Disease ✅ Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome ✅ Erosive Esophagitis ✅ NSAID-induced ulcers ✅ Hyperacidity 💊 Dosage & Administration 👉 Usual Ad...

Metformin is one of the most commonly used oral antidiabetic drugs worldwide. Because of its high clinical use, frequent exam questions, and industry relevance, it is a perfect drug for the Drug of the Day series on PharmaEasyNotes. 🔬 Generic Name Metformin 🏷️ Brand Names Glyciphage, Gluformin, Glycomet, Obimet 🧪 Drug Class Biguanide Antidiabetic Agent 🧠 Mechanism of Action (Easy to Remember) Metformin works mainly by: ✔ Decreasing hepatic glucose production ✔ Increasing insulin sensitivity ✔ Reducing intestinal absorption of glucose 📌 Important: 👉 Metformin does NOT cause hypoglycemia when used alone. 💊 Therapeutic Uses Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Insulin resistance Prevention of diabetes in high-risk patients ⚠️ Side Effects Common: Nausea Diarrhea Abdominal discomfort Rare but serious: Lactic acidosis (very important for exams ⚠️) ❌ Contraindications Severe renal impairment Severe liver disease Alcoholism Conditions causing hypoxia 📦 Dosage Form...

Limit Test of Iron is one of the most important inorganic pharmaceutical chemistry practicals. It is frequently asked in B.Pharm & D.Pharm practical exams, viva voce, and written theory papers. This post is part of the PharmaEasyNotes – Limit Test Series, designed to help students understand, write, and score better. 📌 Aim of the Test To determine whether the amount of iron impurity present in a given substance is within the prescribed pharmacopoeial limit. 🧪 Principle of Limit Test of Iron Iron present in the sample is converted into thioglycolic acid complex in an alkaline medium. 🔹 Iron reacts with thioglycolic acid 🔹 Produces a pink to reddish-purple color 🔹 The intensity of color is compared with a standard iron solution ✔ If the test solution color is not more intense than the standard, the sample passes the test. 🧫 Reagents Required Test solution Standard iron solution Thioglycolic acid Ammonia solution Distilled water ⚗️ Procedure (Step-by-Step) Take the given test so...