Pharma Easy Notes @Pharmacy

📘 Medicinal Chemistry – Lecture 2: NSAIDs (Painkiller Drugs) Easy Notes + Student-Friendly + High Engagement Style By PharmaEasyNotes 💙 🎯 Lecture Objective After this lecture, students will be able to: ✅ Understand how pain occurs ✅ Know how painkillers work ✅ Learn about NSAIDs ✅ Write proper exam answers 🔹 Introduction (Simple Way) Think 🤔 You have a headache, toothache, or body pain… What do you take first? 👉 A painkiller tablet 💊 These painkillers are called NSAIDs . NSAIDs = Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs They: ✔️ Reduce pain ✔️ Reduce fever ✔️ Reduce swelling ✔️ Are not steroids 🔹 How Does Pain Occur? Injury / Infection ↓ Release of Prostaglandins ↓ Pain + Swelling + Fever 👉 Prostaglandins are chemicals that cause pain and inflammation. 🔹 Mechanism of Action (Easy Flowchart) NSAIDs → Block COX Enzyme ↓ Prostaglandins ↓ ↓ Pain & Fever ↓ ✔️ NSAIDs inhibit the COX enzyme ✔️ Less prostaglandin is formed ✔️ P...

📌 Introduction Antihistaminic drugs are medicines that block the action of histamine, a chemical released during allergic reactions. Histamine causes: 👉 Sneezing, itching, redness 👉 Swelling, watery eyes 👉 Increased gastric acid secretion To control these effects, antihistamines are used in allergy and acid-related disorders. 🧬 What is Histamine? Histamine is a biogenic amine stored in mast cells and basophils. It acts on receptors: H1 → Allergy symptoms H2 → Acid secretion H3, H4 → CNS & immune system (less common in syllabus) 👉 In medicinal chemistry, mainly H1 & H2 blockers are studied. 📊 Classification of Antihistaminic Drugs (Flowchart) Antihistaminic Drugs                          |           --------------------------------           |                              | ...

💊 Drug of the Day: Pantoprazole Category: Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) Used For: Acidity, GERD, Ulcers, Acid Reflux Route: Oral / Injection Prescription Status: Prescription Medicine 📌 Introduction Pantoprazole is a widely used anti-ulcer and anti-acidity medicine. It works by reducing excess acid production in the stomach, helping in the treatment of acid-related disorders. It is commonly prescribed in patients suffering from heartburn, gastric ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). ⚙️ Mechanism of Action Pantoprazole belongs to the Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) class. 👉 It works by: Blocking the H⁺/K⁺ ATPase enzyme in stomach cells Reducing gastric acid secretion Maintaining stomach pH ✔️ Result: Less acid → Less irritation → Faster healing 🩺 Indications (Uses) Pantoprazole is used in: ✅ GERD (Acid Reflux) ✅ Peptic Ulcer Disease ✅ Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome ✅ Erosive Esophagitis ✅ NSAID-induced ulcers ✅ Hyperacidity 💊 Dosage & Administration 👉 Usual Ad...

Metformin is one of the most commonly used oral antidiabetic drugs worldwide. Because of its high clinical use, frequent exam questions, and industry relevance, it is a perfect drug for the Drug of the Day series on PharmaEasyNotes. 🔬 Generic Name Metformin 🏷️ Brand Names Glyciphage, Gluformin, Glycomet, Obimet 🧪 Drug Class Biguanide Antidiabetic Agent 🧠 Mechanism of Action (Easy to Remember) Metformin works mainly by: ✔ Decreasing hepatic glucose production ✔ Increasing insulin sensitivity ✔ Reducing intestinal absorption of glucose 📌 Important: 👉 Metformin does NOT cause hypoglycemia when used alone. 💊 Therapeutic Uses Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Insulin resistance Prevention of diabetes in high-risk patients ⚠️ Side Effects Common: Nausea Diarrhea Abdominal discomfort Rare but serious: Lactic acidosis (very important for exams ⚠️) ❌ Contraindications Severe renal impairment Severe liver disease Alcoholism Conditions causing hypoxia 📦 Dosage Form...

Limit Test of Iron is one of the most important inorganic pharmaceutical chemistry practicals. It is frequently asked in B.Pharm & D.Pharm practical exams, viva voce, and written theory papers. This post is part of the PharmaEasyNotes – Limit Test Series, designed to help students understand, write, and score better. 📌 Aim of the Test To determine whether the amount of iron impurity present in a given substance is within the prescribed pharmacopoeial limit. 🧪 Principle of Limit Test of Iron Iron present in the sample is converted into thioglycolic acid complex in an alkaline medium. 🔹 Iron reacts with thioglycolic acid 🔹 Produces a pink to reddish-purple color 🔹 The intensity of color is compared with a standard iron solution ✔ If the test solution color is not more intense than the standard, the sample passes the test. 🧫 Reagents Required Test solution Standard iron solution Thioglycolic acid Ammonia solution Distilled water ⚗️ Procedure (Step-by-Step) Take the given test so...

📌 Limit Test Series – Part 2 🔬 Limit Test for Chlorides (IP) – Complete Guide for Pharmacy Students Subject: Pharmaceutical Analysis Course: B.Pharm | D.Pharm | Pharm.D Series: Limit Test Series ✨ Introduction In pharmaceutical analysis, limit tests are used to control the presence of small amounts of impurities that may affect the quality and safety of pharmaceutical substances. The Limit Test for Chlorides is a commonly asked and practically important test in pharmacy exams. It ensures that chloride impurities do not exceed the prescribed pharmacopoeial limit. This blog explains the principle, reagents, procedure, observation, acceptance criteria, and exam-oriented points in a simple and clear manner. 🧪 What is the Limit Test for Chlorides? The limit test for chlorides is a semi-quantitative test used to detect and control chloride ions present as impurities in pharmaceutical substances. The test is based on the comparison of turbidity produced by the test solution with that of a ...