Pharma Easy Notes @Pharmacy

  🌟 DRUG OF THE DAY: METFORMIN (The Most Common Anti-Diabetic Drug!) If you’re a pharmacy student, today’s Drug of the Day will strengthen your therapeutics + viva + exam preparation. Let’s learn Metformin in a clean, crisp, high-yield format 👇 🔬 Introduction Metformin is the first-line oral anti-diabetic drug used mainly in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus . It belongs to the class Biguanides and is known for controlling blood sugar without causing weight gain . 💊 Category Anti-Diabetic Drug (Biguanide) 🧪 Chemical Structure (Simple representation for students) C₄H₁₁N₅ — Contains: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen ⚙️ Mechanism of Action (MOA) Metformin works through three key mechanisms : 1️⃣ Decreases hepatic glucose production (↓ gluconeogenesis) 2️⃣ Increases insulin sensitivity in muscles 3️⃣ Reduces intestinal glucose absorption 👉 Overall: It lowers blood sugar without affecting insulin secretion. 💉 Therapeutic Uses ✔ Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ✔ Polycystic Ov...

 📅 Day 5 – PharmaEasyNotes | Your Daily Dose of Drug Knowledge 🔹 Introduction Ciprofloxacin is a second-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic widely used to treat bacterial infections . It’s powerful against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and is often prescribed for urinary tract infections (UTIs) , respiratory infections , and skin infections . 💬 Quick Fact: Ciprofloxacin was discovered in the 1980s and remains one of the most prescribed antibiotics worldwide! 🧪 Chemical Information Parameter Details Generic Name Ciprofloxacin Chemical Name 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinoline carboxylic acid Drug Class Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic Molecular Formula C₁₇H₁₈FN₃O₃ Molecular Weight 331.34 g/mol IUPAC Name 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid ⚙️ Mechanism of Action (MOA) Ciprofloxacin inhibits the bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymes — both are essential for DNA replication...

  🧪 Limit Test of Arsenic – Principle, Procedure, Reaction, and Viva Questions 🔹 Aim: To carry out the Limit Test for Arsenic as per the Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) standards. 🔹 Principle: The limit test for arsenic is based on the formation of a yellow stain when arsine gas (AsH₃), generated from arsenic in the sample, reacts with mercuric chloride paper . The intensity of the yellow stain produced is compared with a standard to determine if the sample meets the permissible limit. 🔹 Apparatus Required: Arsenic Test Apparatus (Arsenic Test Bottle) Glass Tube with a narrow end Mercuric Chloride Paper Nessler Cylinder (2) for comparison 🔹 Chemicals Required: Arsenic-free zinc granules Lead acetate solution Hydrochloric acid Potassium iodide Stannous chloride Standard arsenic solution Water 🔹 Reaction Involved: Reduction of Arsenic compound: A s 2 O 3 + 6 Z n + 12 H C l → 2 A s H 3 + 6 Z n C l 2 + 3 H 2 O As_2O_3 + 6Zn + 12HCl → ...