Limit Test of Chlorides – Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Practical

🎯 Aim

To perform the Limit Test for Chlorides as per Indian Pharmacopoeia standards and compare the sample with a standard solution using a Nessler cylinder.

📖 Principle

The Limit Test for Chlorides is a semi-quantitative test designed to detect traces of chloride impurities in inorganic substances.

  • When chlorides react with silver nitrate in the presence of dilute nitric acid, a white turbidity of silver chloride is produced.

  • The turbidity in the test solution is compared with that in a standard chloride solution using Nessler cylinders placed side by side against a black background.

👉 If the turbidity of the test solution is not greater than the standard, the sample passes the test.

🧴 Chemicals & Reagents Required

  1. Test sample solution

  2. Dilute Nitric Acid (HNO₃)

  3. Silver Nitrate solution (AgNO₃, 0.1N)

  4. Standard Sodium Chloride solution (NaCl, 0.02% w/v)

  5. Distilled water

⚗️ Apparatus

  • Nessler Cylinders (2 pieces)

  • Pipettes

  • Beakers

  • Glass rod

🔬 Procedure

  1. Test Solution Preparation

    • Dissolve the given sample in water and add 5 mL of dilute HNO₃.

    • Dilute to 50 mL with distilled water in a Nessler cylinder.

  2. Standard Solution Preparation

    • Take 1 mL of 0.02% NaCl solution in another Nessler cylinder.

    • Add 5 mL of dilute HNO₃ and make up to 50 mL with distilled water.

  3. Reaction

    • To both cylinders, add 1 mL of 0.1N AgNO₃ solution.

    • Mix well and allow to stand for 5 minutes.

  4. Observation

    • View both cylinders against a black background.

    • Compare the turbidity of the test solution with the standard solution.

⚛️ Chemical Reaction

AgNO3+Cl−→AgCl↓(Whiteprecipitate)AgNO₃ + Cl⁻ → AgCl ↓ (White precipitate)

  • The white turbidity is due to the formation of silver chloride (AgCl).

📊 Observation Table

SolutionObservation (Turbidity)
Test Solution__________
Standard Solution__________

✅ Result

  • If the turbidity of the test solution ≤ standard solution, the sample passes the limit test for chlorides.

  • If the turbidity is more, the sample fails the test.

✍️ Viva Questions (for Students)

  1. What is the principle of the limit test of chlorides?

  2. Why is nitric acid added in this test?

  3. What is the role of AgNO₃?

  4. What is the appearance of the precipitate formed?


👉 Download full PDF of Limit Test of Chlorides Practical [here]


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