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BP101T. HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY -I                                                                                                                  (Theory) 45 Hours 

Scope: 

This subject is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on the structure and functions of the various systems of the human body. It also helps in understanding both homeostatic mechanisms. The subject provides the basic knowledge required to understand the various disciplines of pharmacy. 

Objectives:

 Upon completion of this course, the student should be able to 

1. Explain the gross morphology, structure, and functions of various organs of the human body.

2. Describe the various homeostatic mechanisms and their imbalances. 

3. Identify the various tissues and organs of different systems of the human body.

4. Perform the various experiments related to special senses and the nervous system. 

5. Appreciate coordinated working pattern of different organs of each system 

                                       Course Content: 

Unit I                                                              10 hours 

 Introduction to the human body- 

Definition and scope of anatomy and physiology, levels of structural organization and body systems, basic life processes, homeostasis, basic anatomical terminology.

 Cellular level of organization 

Structure and functions of cell, transport across cell membrane, cell division, cell junctions. General principles of cell communication, intracellular signaling pathway activation by extracellular signal molecule, Forms of intracellular signaling: a) Contact-dependent b) Paracrine c) Synaptic d) Endocrine 

 Tissue level of organization

Classification of tissues, structure, location, and functions of epithelial, muscular and nervous and connective tissues

Unit II                                                            10 hours     

  Integumentary system

 Structure and functions of skin

  Skeletal system 

 Divisions of the skeletal system, types of bone, salient features, and functions of bones of the axial and appendicular skeletal system Organization of skeletal muscle, physiology of muscle contraction, neuromuscular junction

Joints 

Structural and functional classification, types of joints movements and its articulation 

Unit III                                                            10 hours 

 Body fluids and blood 

 Body fluids, composition, and functions of blood, hemopoeisis, formation of hemoglobin, anemia, mechanisms of coagulation, blood grouping, Rh factors, transfusion, its significance, and disorders of blood, Reticulo endothelial system. 

 Lymphatic system 

Lymphatic organs and tissues, lymphatic vessels, lymph circulation, and functions of lymphatic system

 Unit IV                                                                                                                          08 hours 

Peripheral nervous system: 

Classification of peripheral nervous system: Structure and functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Origin and functions of spinal and cranial nerves. 

 Special senses 

Structure and functions of eye, ear, nose, and tongue and their disorders.

Unit V                                                                                                                         07 hours 

 Cardiovascular system Heart –

anatomy of heart, blood circulation, blood vessels, structure and functions of artery, vein, and capillaries, elements of conduction system of heart and heart beat, its regulation by autonomic nervous system, cardiac output, cardiac cycle. Regulation of blood pressure, pulse, electrocardiogram, and disorders of heart

BP107P.            HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (Practical)      4 Hours/week

 Practical physiology is complementary to the theoretical discussions in physiology. Practicals allow the verification of physiological processes discussed in theory classes through experiments on living tissue, intact animals, or normal human beings. This is helpful for developing insight on the subject.

 1. Study of a compound microscope. 

 2. Microscopic study of epithelial and connective tissue 

 3. Microscopic study of muscular and nervous tissue 

 4. Identification of axial bones 

 5. Identification of appendicular bones 

 6. Introduction to hemocytometry. 

 7. Enumeration of white blood cell (WBC) count 

 8. Enumeration of total red blood corpuscles (RBC) count 

 9. Determination of bleeding time

 10. Determination of clotting time 

11. Estimation of hemoglobin content 

12. Determination of blood group. 

13. Determination of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). 

14. Determination of heart rate and pulse rate. 

15. Recording of blood pressure. 

Recommended Books (Latest Editions) 

1. Essentials of Medical Physiology by K. Sembulingam and P. Sembulingam. Jaypee brothers medical publishers, New Delhi.

2. Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness by Kathleen J.W. Wilson, Churchill Livingstone, New York

3. Physiological basis of Medical Practice-Best and Tailor. Williams & Wilkins Co, Riverview, MI USA 4. Textbook of Medical Physiology- Arthur C, Guyton andJohn.E. Hall. Miamisburg, OH, U.S.A.

5. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Tortora Grabowski. Palmetto, GA, U.S.A.

6. Textbook of Human Histology by Inderbir Singh, Jaypee brother’s medical publishers, New Delhi. 

7. Textbook of Practical Physiology by C.L. Ghai, Jaypee brother’s medical publishers, New Delhi. 

8. Practical workbook of Human Physiology by K. Srinageswari and Rajeev Sharma, Jaypee brother’s medical publishers, New Delhi. 

                                             Reference Books (Latest Editions) 

1. Physiological basis of Medical Practice-Best and Tailor. Williams & Wilkins Co, Riverview, MI USA 2. Textbook of Medical Physiology- Arthur C, Guyton, and John. E. Hall. Miamisburg, OH, U.S.A. 

3. Human Physiology (vol 1 and 2) by Dr. C.C. Chatterrje, Academic Publishers Kolkata